[14] When the leadership gathered at Stalin's dacha at Kuntsevo, Stalin shouted at Voroshilov for the losses; Voroshilov replied in kind, blaming the failure on Stalin for eliminating the Red Army's best generals in his purges. the term "commissar" itself was formally abolished in August 1942, and at the company- and regiment-level, the pompolit officer was replaced with the zampolit (deputy for political matters). Define political commissars. ", https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rey0PNEsNZw, http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/45/794/10169.pdf, http://www.as-add.de/Dosya/tarih/cumhuriyet/469-InonuC2.html, Collection of Soviet songs about Klim Voroshilov, Newspaper clippings about Kliment Voroshilov, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, 20th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 19th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 18th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), 17th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), 16th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), 15th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), 14th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kliment_Voroshilov&oldid=1000628702, Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members, Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union members, Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union) members, First convocation members of the Soviet of the Union, Second convocation members of the Soviet of the Union, Third convocation members of the Soviet of the Union, Fourth convocation members of the Soviet of the Union, Fifth convocation members of the Soviet of the Union, Sixth convocation members of the Soviet of the Union, Seventh convocation members of the Soviet of the Union, Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner, Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 1st class, First convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Second convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Third convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Fourth convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Articles containing Ukrainian-language text, Articles containing Russian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with TePapa identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Order of the Red Banner of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (17 February 1930), Order of the Red Banner of the Tajik SSR (№ 148 – 14 January 1933), Order of the Red Banner ZSFSR (25 February 1933), Hero of the Mongolian People's Republic (29 May 1957), This page was last edited on 15 January 2021, at 23:57. "Communists and the Red Cavalry: The Political Education of the Konarmiia in the Russian Civil War, 1918–20", CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, People's Commissar for Defense of the Soviet Union, People's Commissar for Military and Navy Affairs, Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Jubilee Medal "XX Years of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army", Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945", Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow", Jubilee Medal "30 Years of the Soviet Army and Navy", Jubilee Medal "40 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR", Jubilee Medal "50 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR", Jubilee Medal "Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945", Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War, Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union, Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union, Stalin's Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village after Collectivization, Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s, "Ворошилов, Климент Ефремович - это... Что такое Ворошилов, Климент Ефремович? Voroshilov was appointed People's Commissar (Minister) for Defence in 1934 and a Marshal of the Soviet Union in 1935. The introduction of edinonachalie was twofold, either the military commander joined the and became his unit’s political officer, or a pompolit (Russian: помполит, assistant commander for political work) officer was commissioned sub-ordinate to him. In the correct amount it increased the physical and mental capacities. On 15 March 1953, Voroshilov was approved as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (i.e., the head of state) with Nikita Khrushchev as First Secretary of the Communist Party and Georgy Malenkov as Premier of the Soviet Union. [11] He openly declared that the saboteurs in the Red Army were few in number and tried to save the lives of officers like Lukin, who would serve with distinction during World War Two, and Sokolov-Strakhov at which he was sometimes successful. The political supervision of the Russian military was effected by the political commissar, who was introduced to every unit and formation, from company- to division-level, including the navy. Frunze was urged by a group of Stalin's hand-picked doctors to have surgery to treat an old stomach ulcer, despite previous doctors' recommendations to avoid surgery and Frunze's own unwillingness. The political commissar (also politruk Russian: политрук from политический руководитель: political officer) is the supervisory political officer responsible for the political education (ideology) and organization, and loyalty to the government of the military. An official of the Communist Party in charge of political indoctrination and the enforcement of party loyalty. [8] He died on the operating table of a massive overdose of chloroform, an anaesthetic. Stavropol was called Voroshilovsk from 1935 to 1943. Voroshilov died in 1969 at the age of 88. It also affected their relationship. Though no longer known by the original "commissar" title, political officers were retained by the Soviet armed forces until the Soviet dissolution in 1991. In 1925, after the death of Mikhail Frunze, Voroshilov was appointed People's Commissar for Military and Navy Affairs and Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, a post he held until 1934. commissar (plural commissars) An official of the Communist Party, often attached to a military unit, who was responsible for political education. Secret Origin of Political Commissar N ame: Raisa Ogorodnikova Rank: KGB Captain, Political Commissar ... Its intention was simple, the creation of the first generation of soviet superheroes. Although there was a huge difference betwee… The KV (Kliment Voroshilov) series of tanks, used in World War II, was named after him. Compre online Commissar Order, de Cirino, Zheng na Amazon. He wrote personal letters to exiled former Soviet officers and diplomats such as commissar Mikhail Ostrovsky, asking them to return voluntarily to the Soviet Union and falsely reassuring them that they would not face retribution from authorities. Voroshilov joined the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1905. In practice, this meant maintaining discipline and disseminating propaganda so “that the party has a daily and undivided impact on [sailors] entire life and activity.” Voroshilov initially argued that thousands of Polish army officers captured in September 1939 should be released, but he later signed the order for their execution in the Katyn massacre of 1940. In September 1941 he commanded the Leningrad Front. The political representative of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in the Soviet Army. [11][12], Despite taking part in the purging of many "mechanisers" (supporters of wide usage of tanks rather than cavalry) from the Red Army, Voroshilov became convinced that reliance on cavalry should be decreased while more modern arms should receive higher priority. At the outbreak of World War II, Voroshilov was held responsible for Soviet failures in Finland during the Winter War and was replaced as Defense Commissar by Semyon Timoshenko. His main accomplishment in this period was to move key Soviet war industries east of the Urals, so that the Soviet Union could strategically retreat, while keeping its manufacturing capability intact. In 1919, the title politruk (Russian: политрук, from политический руководитель, political leader) was assigned to political officers at company level, despite being official political commissars, they were not addressed as "commissar". [13] He attributed the poor showing of the Hungarian Communist Party in the October 1945 Budapest municipal elections to the number of minorities in leadership positions, arguing that it was 'detrimental to the party that its leaders are not of Hungarian origin'.[20]. However in this period he advocated Stalin very actively, supported him in everything, though not entirely sure in everything. In 1952, Voroshilov was appointed a member of the Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Usually, the political commissar is a uniformed military officer, although this position has been used to give civilian party officials some experience with the military. In the periods of the Red Army's history when political officers were militarily subordinate to unit commanders, the position of political commissar did not exist. [2] Chiang Ching-kuo then arrested Sun Li-jen, charging him of conspiring with the American CIA of plotting to overthrow Chiang Kaishek and the Kuomintang, Sun was placed under house arrest in 1955.[3][4]. While both serving on the Tsaritsyn Front in 1918, where Ekaterina was helping orphans, they adopted a four-year-old orphan boy who they named Petya. This must be taken into account to understand why Stalin treated him critically and not invited him at all our conversations. He served with distinction at the Battle of Tsaritsyn, during which he became a close friend of Stalin. Voroshilov was again re-elected to the Central Committee in 1966. In the event, after the October Revolution, the political commissar remained in the Red Armyuntil 1942. In the Red Army and the Soviet Army, the political commissar (Russian: комиссар; komissar) existed, by name, only during the 1918–24, 1937–40, and 1941–42 periods; not every Red Army political officer was a commissar. Political advisers called commissars were attached to all army units to watch over the reliability of officers and to carry out political propaganda among the troops. The political commissar held military rank equaling that of the unit commander to whom he was attached; moreover, the commissar also had the military authority to countermand the unit … Its official name was Guidelines for the Treatment of Political Commissars (Richtlinien für die Behandlung politischer Kommissare). In the morning he put on his military uniform, and after calling a car, he went to the hospital himself, fully decorated. In English, the transliteration "commissar" is used to refer specifically to the political commissars of Soviet and Eastern Bloc armies, while administrative officers are called "commissary". An early kind of political commissars arose already during the February Revolution 1917 as the Ispolkom issued the controversial Order no 1. The political commissar was head of a party cell within the military; however, military membership in the party has been restricted to the lower ranks since the 1980s. info), Kliment Yefremovich Voroshilov; Ukrainian: Климент Охрімович Ворошилов, Klyment Okhrimovyč Vorošylov), popularly known as Klim Voroshilov (Russian: Клим Вороши́лов, Klim Vorošilov) (4 February 1881[1] – 2 December 1969), was a prominent Soviet military officer and politician during the Stalin era. [11] Among the issues he pointed out were insufficient communication, ineffective staffs, insufficient cooperation between arms, and the rudimentary nature of the command structure in tank units and other modern arms. Viacheslaw Molotov (1890 – 1986) was a Soviet politician and people's commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR. Working alongside military commander Andrei Zhdanov as German advances threatened to cut off Leningrad, he displayed considerable personal bravery in defiance of heavy shelling at Ivanovskoye; at one point he rallied retreating troops and personally led a counter-attack against German tanks armed only with a pistol. But his devotion was not very strong. After Khrushchev removed most of the old bolshevists like Molotov and Malenkov from the party, Voroshilov's career began to fade. This is a very complex issue. Historically, the commissaire politique (political commissary) first appeared in the French Revolution (1789–99), guarding it against anti-Revolutionary thought and action, and so ensuring the Republican victory. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, Voroshilov became a member of the Ukrainian Council of People's Commissars and Commissar for Internal Affairs along with Vasiliy Averin. Voroshilov was then made Deputy Premier responsible for cultural matters. She changed her name when she converted to Orthodox Christianity in order to be allowed to marry Voroshilov. Political officer (military) redirects to this article, yet this article is clearly discussing the "commissar" as a specific type of political officer which only existed during certain years prior to 1943. The commissar had an influential role as a "second commander" within the military units during this time. The name Red Army was abandoned in 1946. Despite a French Republican origin, the political commissar usually is associated historically with the Soviet Union (1917–91), where the Russian Provisional Government of 1917 introduced them to the military forces to ensure the government’s political control. Stalin frowned. 2. [2] According to the Soviet Major General Petro Grigorenko, Voroshilov himself alluded to the heritage of his birth-country, Ukraine, and to the previous family name of Voroshilo. The Commissar Vanishes has been hailed as a brilliant, indispensable record of an era. [23], His personality as it was described by Molotov in 1974: "Voroshilov was nice, but only in certain times. the head of any of the major governmental divisions of the U.S.S.R.: called minister since 1946. an official in any communist government whose duties include political indoctrination, detection of political … Despite a French Republican origin, the political commissar usually is associated historically with the Soviet Union (1917–91), where the Russian Provisional Government of 1917 introduced them to the military forces to ensure the government’s political control. Political commissar is similar to these topics: Civilian control of the military, Armed Forces of Ecuador, Corporatism and more. Voroshilov was born in the settlement of Verkhnyeye, Bakhmut uyezd, Yekaterinoslav Governorate, Russian Empire (now part of Lysychansk city in Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine), into a railway worker's family of Russian ethnicity. [18] However, the style of counterattack he launched had long since been abandoned by strategists and drew mostly contempt from his military colleagues;[13] he failed to prevent the Germans from surrounding Leningrad and he was dismissed from his post and replaced by the far abler Georgy Zhukov on 8 September 1941. Stalin's death on 5 March 1953 prompted major changes in the Soviet leadership. Political commissar [політичний комісар; politychnyi komisar ]. Voroshilov died on 2 December and was buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis. During a winter night in 1969, the 88 year old Voroshilov started to feel unwell. The Commissar Order (German : Kommissarbefehl) was a written order given by the German High Command (OKW) on 6 June 1941, prior to the beginning of Operation Barbarossa (German invasion of the Soviet Union). Born to a Russian worker's family in modern Ukraine, Voroshilov took part in the Russian Revolution of 1917 as an early member of the Bolsheviks. The Commissar Order (German: Kommissarbefehl) was an order issued by the German High Command on 6 June 1941 before Operation Barbarossa.Its official name was Guidelines for the Treatment of Political Commissars (Richtlinien für die Behandlung politischer Kommissare).It instructed the Wehrmacht that any Soviet political commissar identified among captured troops be summarily … In July 1941, consequent to the Red Army’s defeats at war’s start, the position of political commissar reappeared. His fortunes declined during the rise of Nikita Khrushchev and the Supreme Soviet removed him from power in 1960. [15] Voroshilov was nonetheless made the scapegoat for the initial failures in Finland. [11], When the Great Purge ended, some reforms were undertaken by the high command to reconcile Red Army doctrine (for example deep operations doctrine) with the real state of the Red Army. These were almost invariably tasked to make sure the communist partyof the respective country could count on the loyalty of the Army. He played a central role in Stalin's Great Purge of the 1930s, denouncing many of his own military colleagues and subordinates when asked to do so by Stalin. His job was to ensure that the regular soldiers and officers followed the orders of the Party leadership in Moscow, basically a tool for the Communist Party to limit the military's independence (the NKVD having similar oversight of the Party and Military). Earlier, in 1924, the RVSs were renamed as Military Councils, such high-level political officers were known as ChVS (Chlen Voennogo Soveta, Member of the Military Council), they were abolished in 1934. The position of political commissar (Chinese: 政戰官) also exists in the Republic of China Army of the Republic of China (Taiwan). This reorganization was conceived by Kulik but put into practice by Voroshilov. Despite mounting a heroic effort, Voroshilov failed to stop the German encirclement of Leningrad and was again relieved from his command in September 1941. During Stalin's rule, they lived in the Kremlin at the Horse Guards. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union considered its political officers — known informally in the West as “commissars” — to fill an essential role within military units and aboard warships. He was well known for aiding Joseph Stalin in the Revolutionary Military Council, having become closely associated with Stalin during the Red Army's 1918 defense of Tsaritsyn, and one of the Cavalry Army clique. In the Red Army and the Soviet Army, the political commissar Russian: комиссар, romanized: komissar existed, by name, only during the 1918–24, 1937–40, and 1941–42 periods; not every Red Army political officer was a commissar. [8] Voroshilov became a full member of the newly formed Politburo in 1926, remaining a member until 1960. Voroshilov was active as a commander of the Southern Front during the Russian Civil War and the Polish–Soviet War while with the 1st Cavalry Army. ... according to analysts similar to the work of Soviet political commissars during the early and middle years of the military establishment. [11] However he also pointed out issues in the Red Army as a whole in his full report. [13], Between 1945 and 1947, Voroshilov supervised the establishment of the socialist republic in postwar Hungary. So where does one find information on political officers as used throughout the entire history of the Soviet … Today the political commissar is largely responsible for administrative tasks such as public relations and counseling, and mainly serves as second-in-command. He played a central role during the Great Purge, denounced many of his own colleagues and subordinates, and personally signed over a hundred execution lists. [10] Voroshilov did not personally share the paranoia towards upper-class elements of the officer corps. Revolutionary Military Councils (or Revvoyensoviets- RVS) were established at army-, front-, fleet-, and flotilla-level, comprising at least three members — commander and two political workers. Commissar (or sometimes Kommissar) is an English transliteration of the Russian комиссáр, which means commissary. In the Red Army and the Soviet Army, the political commissar existed, by name, only during 1918–1924, 1937–40, and 1941–42 periods; not every Red Army political officer was a commissar. Political commissars began to be appointed at the higher levels of the army in 1918 and at units smaller than a battalion (where they were called politruky) at the end of 1919. He always stood for the political line of the party, because he was from a working class, a common man, very good orator. Following Khrushchev's fall from power, Soviet leader Brezhnev brought Voroshilov out of retirement into a figurehead political post. In a 1982 journal article [11] The territorial units had been very unpopular, not only with Voroshilov, but with the Red Army leadership a whole. The Central Committee also relieved him of duties as a member of the Party Presidium (as the Politburo had been called since 1952) on 16 July 1960. 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