Together with other penalties, it excluded many minorities who may have voted for the Democratic candidate. Others were enslaved African Americans from the Upper South who had been sold to traders taking slaves to the Deep South. The figure for Fort Lauderdale dropped to 20,000; 350,000 visited Daytona Beach. [57], A state convention was held in 1868 to rewrite the constitution. In North and Central Florida, American cuisine was the most popular food, in contrast to South Florida, where ethnic foods were equally popular. Among those, the following 4 are in the Fortune 1000: Additional notable companies headquartered (or with a significant presence) in North Florida include (some defunct or subsumed): Areas under federal protection include Castillo de San Marcos National Monument, Fort Matanzas National Monument, Fort Caroline National Memorial, Gulf Islands National Seashore, and Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve. It is one of Florida's three most common "directional" regions, along with South Florida and Central Florida. In 2000 Congress authorized the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP) at $8 billion. )[15] Peoples in southern Florida depended on the rich estuarine environment and developed a highly complex society without agriculture. When glaciation locked up the world's water, starting 2.58 million years ago, the sea level dropped precipitously. The federal government declared the state an agricultural disaster area because of 13 straight days of freezing weather during the growing season in January 2010. On his return trip, he visited Sanford and Winter Park. He also writes about violence, political and policy history, aviation, and frontier environments. Exploration and settlement. To date, all manned orbital spaceflights launched by the United States, including the only men to visit the Moon, have been launched from Kennedy Space Center. After several months of negotiations on the withdrawal of the Americans and compensation for their foraging through the countryside, the countries came to an agreement, and Amelia Island was returned to the Spanish in May 1813. [2] A popular expression of people in this region of the state goes "In Florida, the farther north you go, the farther south you are. The first fifty years of the 2… [92] This was a much smaller proportion than in 1900, when the census showed they comprised 44% of the state's population, while numbering 231,209 persons. [88], Like other states in the South, Florida had many African-American leaders who were active in the civil rights movement. The historic downtown stretches along Miracle Strip Parkway Southeast on the mainland. On March 3, 1845, Florida became the 27th state of the United States of America. The moderate regime plunged into complicated maneuvering and infighting. The foundation of Florida was located in the continent of Gondwana at the South Pole 650 million years ago (Mya). [9][10], Lamme and Oldakowski's survey also found some cultural indicators that characterize North Florida. Ogden, Laura. The following airports currently have regularly scheduled commercial service: National Monuments and other federally protected areas, Corry Station Naval Technical Training Center, Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve, St. Augustine Alligator Farm Zoological Park, Category:Companies based in North Florida, List of National Monuments of the United States, George Crady Bridge Fishing Pier State Park, Letchworth Mounds Archaeological State Park, Gamble Rogers Memorial State Recreation Area, Natural Bridge Battlefield Historic State Park, Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park, Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings Historic State Park, San Marcos de Apalache Historic State Park, Constitution Convention Museum State Park, Stephen Foster Folk Culture Center State Park, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy, Northwest Florida Beaches International Airport, Northeast Florida Regional Transportation Commission, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, "Florida Population: Census Summary 2010", "Charting the Course: Where is South Florida Heading? In 1771, Governor John Moultrie wrote to the English Board of Trade that "It has been a practice for a good while past, for negroes to run away from their Masters, and get into the Indian towns, from whence it proved very difficult to get them back." Juan Ponce de León, a famous Spanish conqueror and explorer, is usually given credit for being the first European to sight Florida in 1513, but he probably had predecessors. Thus, 1513 marked the beginning of the American Frontier. This would be the first introduction of much of the English-derived legal system which Florida still has today including trial-by-jury, habeas corpus and county-based government.[45][46]. However, in 1783, the Spanish retook … A Scottish settler named Dr Andrew Turnbull transplanted around 1,500 indentured settlers, from Menorca, Majorca, Ibiza, Smyrna, Crete, Mani Peninsula, and Sicily, to grow hemp, sugarcane, indigo, and to produce rum. Prehistoric Native People. On several occasions, he used African slaves to whip his unruly settlers. Florida is the 3 rd most populous, the 22 nd most extensive, and the 8 th most densely populated of the 50 states of the United States.It is the southernmost contiguous state in the United States.Florida attained statehood on March 3, 1845, becoming the 27 th state to join the union. [35] Two years later, Dominique de Gourgue recaptured the settlement for France, this time slaughtering the Spanish defenders. Furthermore, the British governors were directed to call general assemblies as soon as possible in order to make laws for the Floridas and in the meantime they were, with the advice of councils, to establish courts. [dubious – discuss]. [81] More ships sank after the country entered the war. It includes Jacksonville and nearby localities in Northeast Florida, an interior region known as North Central Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. Most of the villages in Florida were abandoned, and the survivors sought refuge at St. Augustine or in isolated spots around the state. When British government officials pressed the Seminole to return runaway slaves, they replied that they had "merely given hungry people food, and invited the slaveholders to catch the runaways themselves. Large shell middens accumulated during this period. Negro Fort, an abandoned British fortification in the far west of the territory, was manned by both Indians and blacks. Americans of English descent and Scots-Irish descent began moving into northern Florida from the backwoods of Georgia and South Carolina. Bruce, FL 32455, is recognized by the House and Senate of the State of Florida. The Americans merged East Florida and West Florida (although the majority of West Florida was annexed to Territory of Orleans and Mississippi Territory), and established a new capital in Tallahassee, conveniently located halfway between the East Florida capital of St. Augustine and the West Florida capital of Pensacola. The 1926 Miami Hurricane, which nearly destroyed the city further depressed the real estate market. [70], A majority of the people who bought land in Florida hired intermediaries to accomplish the transactions. That is what History Fort Lauderdale is all about. North Florida is a region of the U.S. state of Florida, comprising the northernmost part of the state. Hernando de Soto landed in Florida in 1539 and began a multi-year trek through what is now the southeastern United States in which he found no gold but lost his life. Biologists learned to control them by "source reduction", the process of removing the moist sand needed by the mosquitoes to breed. The findings are controversial, and funding has not been available for follow-up studies.[10]. The Early Archaic period evolved into the Middle Archaic period around 5000 BC. The British divided the territory into East Florida and West Florida. [32] Further down the coast, in 1565 Pedro Menéndez de Avilés founded San Agustín (St. Augustine)[33] which is the oldest continuously inhabited European settlement in any U.S. state. In 1945, at the closing of the War, many people from the Northeast and the Rust Belt migrated to the Central and Southern parts of Florida. In December 1951 whites bombed the house of activists Harry Moore and his wife Harriette, who both died of injuries from the blast. After 1630, and throughout the 18th century, Tegesta (after the Tequesta tribe) was an alternate name of choice for the Florida peninsula following publication of a map by the Dutch cartographer Hessel Gerritsz in Joannes de Laet's History of the New World. They settled in a buffer community north of St. Augustine, called Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mosé, the first settlement made of free blacks in North America. Secession took place January 10, 1861, and after less than a month as an independent republic, Florida became one of the founding members of the Confederate States of America. Sewers, roads and schools were built by the Works Progress Administration (WPA). As a result of these initiatives northeastern Florida prospered economically in a way it never did under Spanish rule. When representatives from thirteen North American colonies declared independence from Great Britain in 1776, many Floridians condemned the action. However, Spain, participating indirectly in the war as an ally of France, captured Pensacola from the British in 1781. They identify three regions within the area identified as "North Florida" by Enterprise Florida: Northeast Florida, North Central Florida, and Northwest Florida (representing most of the Panhandle).[4]. Some of the Apalachee eventually reached Louisiana, where they survived as a distinct group for at least another century. North Florida also has three major zoos, the Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens, St. Augustine Alligator Farm Zoological Park and Gulf Breeze Zoo. [40][41] The British soon constructed the King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia. It was part of a large expansion of British territory following the country's victory in the Seven Years' War. The emergent landmass of Florida was Orange Island, a low-relief island sitting atop the carbonate Florida Platform which emerged about 34 to 28 million years ago.[7]. [74], Prohibition had been popular in north Florida, but was opposed in the rest of the south, which became a haven for speakeasies and rum-runners in the 1920s. View Map. Many settlers in Florida developed plantation agriculture, similar to other areas of the Deep South. The decline was mostly due to canker, citrus greening disease, and hurricane damage. Some leaders of the newly declared republic objected to the takeover, but all had deferred to arriving American troops by mid-December 1810. From 1513 onward, the land became known as La Florida. Harry T. Moore built the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in Florida, rapidly increasing its membership to 10,000. Because of Cape Canaveral's relative closeness to the equator, compared to other potential locations, it was chosen in 1949 as a test site for the country's nascent missile program. Florida became an organized territory of the United States on March 30, 1822. Florida is nicknamed the "Sunshine State" due to its warm climate and days of sunshine, which have attracted northern migrants and vacationers since the 1920s. "Space Rush: Local Impact of Federal Aerospace Programs on Brevard and Surrounding Counties". [89], But the state had white groups who resisted change, to the point of attacking and killing blacks. Hughes, Joseph. Smith, Hale G., and Gottlob, Marc (1978). Otis, Katherine Ann. It was approximately 100 metres (330 ft) lower than present levels. Florida With Five Recommended for you 33:27 A large number of British colonists who were "energetic and of good character" moved to Florida, mostly coming from South Carolina, Georgia and England though there was also a group of settlers who came from the colony of Bermuda. Creek and Seminole Native Americans, who had established buffer settlements in Florida at the invitation of the Spanish government, also welcomed many of those slaves. Greater Miami is the only metropolitan area in the United States whose borders encompass two national parks. Catholic missionaries used St. Augustine as a base of operations to establish over 100 far-flung missions throughout Florida. The population grew from 529,000 in 1900 to 18.3 million in 2009. Carlson, Amanda B., and Robin Poynor, eds. The Great Migration, mass immigration, and the Land Boom of the 1920s made millions of people aware of Florida and its attractions for the first time. Kokomoor, Kevin. THE CALUSA INDIANS OF SOUTHWEST FLORIDA. To achieve this goal, large sections of coastal marshes were either ditched or diked to remove the moist sand that the mosquitoes required to lay eggs on. 200 Mya, the merged continents containing what would be Florida, had moved north of the equator. This was well known through word of mouth in the colonies of Georgia and South Carolina, and hundreds of slaves escaped. From that time of contact, Florida has had many waves of colonization and immigration, including French and Spanish settlement during the 16th century, as well as entry of new Native American groups migrating from elsewhere in the South, and free blacks and fugitive slaves, who in the 19th century became allied with the Native Americans as Black Seminoles. Development also followed the construction of Turnpikes I-95 in east Florida, and I-75 in west Florida. The region had not seen a storm of such power in decades. The United States Army would lead increasingly frequent incursions into Spanish territory, including the 1817–1818 campaign against the Seminole Indians by Andrew Jackson that became known later as the First Seminole War. Prior to development, Florida salt marshes were capable of producing large numbers of mosquitoes. [55] The Army reactivated Fort Harvie and renamed it to Fort Myers. Sinkholes and basins in the beds of modern rivers (such as the Page-Ladson site in the Aucilla River) have yielded a rich trove of paleo-Indian artifacts, including Clovis points. The first people to enter the Florida peninsula around 12,000 years ago were not explorers, adventurers, or settlers,but nomads following the big game animals upon which their survival depended. [1] They left behind artifacts and archeological evidence. This resulted in about $500 million worth of damage, predominately in the Florida Keys. There were few flowing rivers or wetlands. [11], Lamme and Oldakowski noted that North Florida's economy was much more diversified than Central and South Florida, where tourism was by far the most significant industry. Article 32.2 (2011): 90-97 P.2, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Indigenous people of the Everglades region, country's victory in the Seven Years' War, Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era, state convention was held in 1868 to rewrite the constitution, List of Jim Crow law examples by State § Florida, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 2000 United States presidential election in Florida, Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan, "The pre-Clovis occupation of Florida: The Page-Ladson and Wakulla Springs Lodge Data", Drowned Prehistoric Sites - Underwater Archaeology - Archaeology - Florida Division of Historical Resources, "Modeling Fort Walton Culture in Northwest Florida", "The spread of shell-tempered ceramics along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico", "Misconceptions and Myths Related to the Fountain of Youth and Juan Ponce de Leon's 1513 Exploration Voyage", "Ponce de Leon Never Searched for the Fountain of Youth", "First Arrivals: The Archaeology of Southern Florida", "Iberian Origins of New World Horse Breeds", "Spanish Sanctuary: Fugitives in Florida, 1687-1790", "Floripedia: Florida: As a British Colony", "City had humble beginnings on the banks of the St. Johns", Jack E. Davis, " 'Whitewash' in Florida: The Lynching of Jesse James Payne and Its Aftermath", Historical Census Browser, 1900 US Census, University of Virginia, "Boasters, Boosters and Boom: Some popular Images of Florida in the 1920s", "Legislature aims to rewrite gaming rules. That was one-fifth of their population in 1900. Since the 19th century, immigrants have arrived from Europe, Latin America, Africa and Asia. [58] After meeting the requirements of Congress, including ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution, Florida was readmitted to the Union on June 25, 1868. The following are major central business districts: Thousands of companies are headquartered in North Florida. By 2014, there were 30 such establishments, generating $200 million in state taxes and fees. East and West Florida were backwater outposts whose populations included a large percentage of British military personnel and their families. (paid link) On This Day in Florida Civil War History (paid link) Pensacola during the Civil War: A Thorn in the Side of the Confederacy (Florida History and Culture) (paid link) [38], This angered the British colonists. Agritourism Bicycle Routes Culture / History Diving Equestrian Fishing Hunting Florida State Parks Forests / Refuges Local Parks Marinas Outfitters / Guides Paddling Trails Recreation Shopping / Antiquing Springs Visitor Centers There has been pressure by industry groups to drill for oil in the eastern Gulf of Mexico but so far, large-scale drilling off the coasts of Florida has been prevented. 826 and 163rd Street), and in the 1950s, as housing development boomed, observed the construction of the Mall at 163rd Street. The name Florida, sometimes expanded to cover more of the present-day southeastern U.S., remained the most commonly used Spanish term, however, throughout the entire period. Department of History. The Florida Parishes of the modern state of Louisiana include most of the territory claimed by the short-lived Republic of West Florida.. Spain sided with Great Britain during the War of 1812, and the U.S. annexed the Mobile District of West Florida to the Mississippi Territory in May 1812. [80]. Not only are more people and property at risk, but development has overtaken the natural system of wetlands and waterways, which used to absorb some of the storms' energy and excess waters. The Second Seminole War began at the end of 1835 with the Dade Massacre, when Seminoles ambushed Army troops marching from Fort Brooke (Tampa) to reinforce Fort King (Ocala). [20] In the aftermath, the Seminole, originally an offshoot of the Creek people who absorbed other groups, developed as a distinct tribe in Florida during the 18th century through the process of ethnogenesis. It includes Jacksonville and nearby localities in Northeast Florida, an interior region known as North Central Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. [103] In 1891, railroad magnate Henry Plant built the luxurious Tampa Bay Hotel in Tampa; the hotel was later adapted for use as the campus for the University of Tampa. It is also a major center of the aerospace industry. The Late Archaic period started about 3000 BC, when Florida's climate had reached current conditions and the sea had risen close to its present level. Their descendants survive to this day, as does the name New Smyrna. "Everything Old Is New Again: A Social and Cultural History of Life on the Retirement Frontier, 1950–2000" PhD dissertation; Grunwald, Michael, "Swamped: Harry Truman, South Florida, and the Changing Political Geography of American Conservation", in. This was the same proportion as before the Civil War, and they were effectively disenfranchised. This area is now collectively known as the Space Coast and features the Kennedy Space Center. Florida had the only recorded lynching in 1945, in October after the war's end, when a black man was killed after being falsely accused of assaulting a girl.[60]. Major military bases in the region include the Pensacola Naval Air Station, Jacksonville Naval Air Station, Camp Blanding, Naval Station Mayport, Corry Station Naval Technical Training Center, Naval Support Activity Panama City, Blount Island Command, Eglin Air Force Base and Hurlburt Field. [63] Separate waiting rooms at railroad stations were required beginning in 1909. In the years leading up to World War II, 100 ships were sunk off the coast of Florida. Purdy: 2, states that the evidence for the presence of humans in Florida by 14,000 years ago is "indisputable". As the glaciers began retreating about 8000 BC, the climate of Florida became warmer and wetter. Middleton, Sallie. States Ranked by Population, Florida Leaves New York Behind in Its Rear-View Mirror, "Move over, NY: This state now 3rd most populous", "Harry and Harriette Moore", Civil Rights Movement Archive, Historical Census Browser, 1960 US Census, University of Virginia, http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/NormalizedHurricane2008.pdf, Trends in Hurricane Impacts in the United States, "Crist wants ag disaster declared in Florida", "Scientist:Fish counts suffer from 'perception issue, "Floridians continue pulling plug on landlines", "Florida boater bore brunt of hurricanes", Independence of Spanish continental Americas, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France, Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Florida&oldid=996872257, History of the Southern United States by state, Articles with dead external links from April 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010, Articles with disputed statements from February 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. In the 1940s and '50s, a new generation started working on issues, emboldened by veterans who had fought during World War II and wanted to gain more civil rights. After World War II, Florida was transformed as the development of air conditioning and the Interstate highway system encouraged migration by residents of the North and Midwest. The Florida portion of Gondwana joined with Laurentia at a line that runs southwest to northeast through modern south Alabama, south Georgia, southern South Carolina, and eastern North … When the war was over, Judge Ziba King, a former Confederate officer, became the greatest “cattle baron” in Florida history. Other metropolitan areas include Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent, Tallahassee, Ocala, Gainesville, Crestview-Fort Walton Beach-Destin, Panama City-Lynn Haven, and Palm Coast. The tourism, real estate, trade, banking, and retirement destination businesses followed. Other area theme parks include Universal Orlando Resort and SeaWorld. [87], The Cuban Revolution of 1959 resulted in a large wave of Cuban immigration into South Florida, which transformed Miami into a major center of commerce, finance and transportation for all of Latin America. Manley, Walter W., II and Brown, Canter, Jr., eds. They sought better lives, including decent-paying jobs, better education for their children, and the chance to vote and participate in political life. The collapse of the Spanish mission system and the defeat of the Spanish-allied Apalachee Indians (the Apalachee massacre) opened Florida up to slave raids, which reached to the Florida Keys and decimated the native population. in Howard N. Rabinowitz, ed. This page was last edited on 29 December 2020, at 00:43. [67][68] White mobs committed massacres, accompanied by wholesale destruction of black houses, churches, and schools, in the small communities of Ocoee, November 1920; Perry in December 1922; and Rosewood in January 1923. [37], The border between the British colony of Georgia and Spanish Florida was never clearly defined, and was the subject of constant harassment in both directions, until it was ceded by Spain to the U.S. in 1821. It also has the oldest burial mound in the East, dating to about 1450 BC. Many prehistoric habitation sites along the old coastline were slowly submerged, making artifacts from early coastal cultures difficult to find. By 1860, Florida had 140,424 people, of whom 44% were enslaved and fewer than 1,000 were free people of color.[56]. A premier destination for arts and culture in Jacksonville, you can see the stage where Elvis once played, catch captivating ballet and opera performances or see a live music show. Whites continued to resort to lynchings to keep dominance, and tensions rose. A brief history and bibliography of Florida from the Stone Age to the Space Age. [17], Other tribes in Florida at the time of first contact included the Ais, Calusa, Jaega, Mayaimi, Tequesta and Tocobaga. Since 1945, migration from the Northeast and the Midwest has resulted in non-natives becoming about 63% of the current population. In 1719, the French captured the Spanish settlement at Pensacola. They burned villages, wounded many of the inhabitants and carried captives back to Charles Towne to be sold into slavery. David Courtwright specializes in drug history. The Spanish evacuated the few surviving members of the Florida tribes to Cuba in 1763 when Spain transferred the territory of Florida to the British Empire following the latter's victory against France in the Seven Years' War. The Yamasee War of 1715–1717 in the Carolinas resulted in numerous Indian refugees, such as the Yamasee, moving south to Florida. 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