After a law entitled "Gesetz über Maßnahmen der Staatsnotwehr" ("Law pertaining to the Measures of Self-Defense of the State") had been passed by the Reich Cabinet on July 3, which declared: "Die zur Niederschlagung hoch- und landesverräterischer Angriffe am 30. Although the two men were not involved politically, it was deemed that they 'knew too much'. info)), or the Röhm Purge, also called Operation Hummingbird (German: Unternehmen Kolibri), was a purge that took place in Nazi Germany from June 30 to July 2, 1934. Leading members of the leftist-leaning Strasserist faction of the Nazi Party, including its figurehead, Gregor Strasser, were also killed, as were establishment conservatives and anti-Nazis, such as former Chancellor Kurt von Schleicher and Bavarian politician Gustav Ritter von Kahr, who had suppressed Hitler's Munich Beer Hall Putsch in 1923. In September 1934 Heinrich Himmler—eager to shield his SS men from legal prosecution—managed to convince Hitler to change his mind on the latter six people, whose names as a consequence, were subsequently added to the official list whose killing was to be considered rightful and which now encompassed 83 names. Kershaw notes that "some estimates...put the total number killed at between 150 and 200. The Night of the Long Knives , sometimes called "Operation Hummingbird " or in Germany the "Röhm-Putsch," was a purge that took place in Nazi Germany between June 30 and July 2, 1934, when the Nazi regime carried out a series of political murders. Adolf Hitler claimed in his speech in the Reichstag on July 13 that 61 persons had been shot during "the action", 13 had died resisting arrest and three committed suicide. and put Reinhard Heydrich in charge, though he warned that he would personally take part in the putsch. Hitler personally arrested Röhm and the SA leaders. Moonlight glistened on numerous silvery revolvers, contrasting with the sinister black uniforms. Others have argued that as many as 400 people were killed during the purge. Hitler allowed Röhm the option of suicide, but he refused. Fearing that the paramilitary SA had become too powerful, Hitler ordered his elite SS guards to murder the organization’s leaders, including Ernst Röhm. In Germany, Nazi leader Adolf Hitler orders a bloody purge of his own political party, assassinating hundreds of Nazis whom he believed had the potential to become political enemies in the future. Also killed that night were hundreds of other perceived opponents of Hitler. WhatsApp. and Adolf Morsbach, the head of the cosmopolitan-minded Akademischer Austauschdienst (Academic Exchange Programme), who had instead been sent to a Nazi concentration camp. In his speech Hitler revealed the names of 11 of those 77 (Ferdinand von Bredow, Georg von Detten, Karl Ernst, Hans Hayn, Edmund Heines, Peter von Heydebreck, Ernst Röhm, Kurt von Schleicher, Gregor Strasser, and Julius Uhl). It was an event during which Hitler’ SS troops committed a series of political murders to rid Hitler of possible political threats. It took place in Germany between June 30 and July 2, 1934. Finally, it should be noted that many—but not all—of the victims had some role in bringing Hitler to power. The most recent study on the matter lists by name 89 people who were definitely killed, as well as two other cases of whom it is unclear whether they were murdered during the events or slightly earlier or later. The list of 77 or 83 names respectively was kept in several copies—which were stored under lock and key—in the Ministry of Justice and the Gestapo Headquarters. People killed during the Night of the Long Knives (German: Nacht der langen Messer) – the Nazi purge in which Hitler and the Nazi regime used the Schutzstaffel (SS) to deal with the problem of Ernst Röhm and his Sturmabteilung (SA) brownshirts (the original Nazi paramilitary organization), as well as past opponents of the party – numbered at least 85 murdered. The Night of the Long Knives (a phrase from a popular Nazi song) also called “Operation Hummingbird” or the “Rohm- Putch,” is considered an important day and a turning point in Germany’s history. The precise number of victims of the Night of the Long Knives is disputed and will probably never be known with certainty. Email. The official list of those killed was first published in 1964 by Heinrich Bennecke (1902–1972) in the appendix of his book Die Reichswehr und der "Röhm-Putsch". Later research by historians has shown that in addition to those listed by the Gestapo a number of others also had been killed. During the Purge itself official radio and newspaper reports only gave the names of 10 people killed: the six SA-leaders executed in Stadelheim Prison on June 30; Kurt von Schleicher, a German general and a former Chancellor of the Weimar Republic, and his wife; Karl Ernst, who was wrongly reported to have been shot in Stadelheim, whereas in fact he was shot in the barracks of Hitler's Personal Guard Unit in Berlin Lichterfelde; and Ernst Röhm. Hitler had made it clear that he was the supreme ruler of Germany who had the right to be judge and jury, and had the power to decide whether people lived or died. The British historian Richard J. Evans, whose books on the subject have been called "the definitive study for at least a generation," said that at least 85 people were killed, and more than 1,000 were arrested. By the summer of 1934, the SA’s numbers had swollen to 2 million men. But it was not just the SA leadership who suffered during the ‘Night of the Long Knives’. While the German newspapers avoided disclosing the names of further victims of the purge, in the weeks and months to follow, the international press would set out to detail a more comprehensive account of how many people had been killed between June 30 to July 2. Wilhelm Eduard Schmid (April 12, 1893 – June 30, 1934), better known as Willi Schmid, was a German music critic, and an accidental victim of the Knight of the Long Knives in a case of mistaken identity.. Schmid studied music under Christian Döbereiner, and founded the Munich Viol Quartet. The Night of the Long Knives. On June 30, Hitler and a large group of SS men arrived at the Hanslbauer Hotel, where Röhm was waiting. [2], Richard J. Evans states that at least 85 people were killed and more than 1000 were arrested. Because they wanted to take control of the army, therefore gaining more people and furthermore enough to take over Hitler. With military dictatorship the only alternative to Nazi rule, Hindenburg consented. The Night of the Long Knives not only removed the SA leaders but also got Hitler the army’s oath that he so needed. Chancellor Adolf Hitler, urged on by Hermann Göring and Heinrich Himmler, ordered a series of political extrajudicial executions intended to consolidate his power and alleviate the concerns of the German military about the role of Ernst Röhm and the The same applied to requests of other state authorities (especially police departments and Attorney Offices) who inquired at the Ministry of Justice or the Gestapo headquarters whether they should open and or continue investigation of a specific killing that had taken place on the three days from June 30 to July 2. The total number of victims is heavily disputed between historians; some estimates put the number in the hundreds. It was what would later be called The Night of the Long Knives. Facebook. General CommentThe Night of the Long Knives was a turning point in the history of Hitler's Germany. He claimed that 13 people were shot while resisting arrest and 61 executed for treason, but some have said that it may have been up to 400 people who were killed. Although most of those killed in what came to be known as "The Night of the Long Knives" were members of the SA, other victims included close associates of Vice Chancellor Franz von Papen, several Reichswehr (German Army) generals – one of whom, Kurt von Schleicher, was formerly the Chancellor of Germany – and their associates; Gregor Strasser, Hitler's former competitor for control of the Nazi Party; at least one person killed in a case of mistaken identity; and several innocent victims killed because they "knew too much.". In 1993 Otto Gritschneder published a book on the post–World War II prosecution of those involved in the killings which lists 90 names of people killed (adding the doctor and Röhm associate Karl Günther Heimsoth to the list). Immediately after the events of the purge the Gestapo compiled an official list of those killed at the order of Hitler himself who wished to gain an overall view on the number and identity of those killed in order to prepare the Reichstag speech in which he intended to present his interpretation of the occurrences of June 30 to July 2 to the German public and the world in general, and which he finally delivered on July 13. They were under the control of Ernst Julius Röhm , a loyal … The History Place - World War II in Europe Timeline: June 30, 1934 - The Night of the Long Knives At The History Place - A description of the events surrounding Hitler's purge of the SA and the murder of Ernst Roehm. The lists thus were used by the Ministry and the Gestapo as a referential tool which could be consulted to decide, whether requests of relatives and friends of those killed to be given information on the circumstances of death of their beloved ones, or requests to prosecute those responsible for their killing would be answered in the affirmative (people killed and not mentioned on the Gestapo list) or in the negative (people whose names were to be found on the list). A convoy of lorries moved quietly through the night. People killed during the Night of the Long Knives (German: Nacht der langen Messer) – the Nazi purge in which Hitler and the Nazi regime used the Schutzstaffel (SS) to deal with the problem of Ernst Röhm and his Sturmabteilung (SA) brownshirts (the original Nazi paramilitary organization), as well as past opponents of the party – numbered at least 85 murdered. 2) After this "purge," of their leaders, many S.A. members simply "retired" or found new jobs. He ordered the death of Ernst Rohm and the dismantling of the SA. World War X Wiki is a FANDOM Games Community. The list of victims was retrieved from the German Wikipedia unless otherwise stated.[4]. They managed to present about 100 names of people allegedly killed, although a number of those eventually turned out to have survived, such as the former SA chief of Berlin Wolf-Heinrich Graf von Helldorf (who was actually one of the organizers of the purge - e.g. 1. 15. Most of those killed were members of the "Storm Division" (SA) (German: Sturmabteilung), a Nazi paramilitary organization. Called the Nacht der langen Messer in Germany, this event occurred over a series of days and entailed the Nazi regime’s murder of those Hitler considered to be political enemies. (, "Victims of the Night of the Long Knives", Learn how and when to remove this template message, National Socialist German Doctors' League, An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races, The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party, German National Movement in Liechtenstein, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victims_of_the_Night_of_the_Long_Knives&oldid=999319872, Articles needing additional references from March 2020, All articles needing additional references, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Fritz Beck, director of the Munich Students' Welfare Fund. This event kicked off a three-day massacre that became known as The Night of the Long Knives. The Night of the Long Knives (German: Nacht der langen Messer) was a purge in which It was about 6 a.m. when Hitler, his pistol in hand, apprehended Röhm in his room and put him under arrest. The leadership of the Nazi Storm Troopers (SA), whose four million members had helped bring Hitler to power in the early 1930s, was especially targeted. This was because the S.A. was largely composed of older men recruited in … 104. Google+. Historians say that it began on June 29 and ended on June 30. But the Night of the Long Knives they kill over 100 people, not just Röhm and his closest associate, but also others who are on a hit list that Hitler, Göring, and Himmler and others put together. Hitler feared that some of his followers had taken his early National Socialism propaganda too seriously and thus might compromise hi… the Nazi regime executed at least 85 people for political reasons. Watch and Listen. Juni, 1. und 2. In August, Hindenburg died. The Night of the Tech Long Knives. On 30 June, 1934, Hitler gave the world a preview of what was about to happen to it after 1939. Former chancellor Kurt von Schleicher, who was plotting the return of the Hohenzollern monarchy, was … he warned Werner von Alvensleben, Schleicher's go-between to Hitler—but not Schleicher—to spend the fateful weekend at his hunting lodge; and was himself only killed after participating in the fateful 20th of July 1944 coup attempt.) It took place in Germany between June 30 and July 2, 1934. National Socialist Factory Cell Organization, National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), National Socialist Workers’ Party of Denmark, http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6hm-Putsch, https://wwx.fandom.com/wiki/Victims_of_the_Night_of_the_Long_Knives?oldid=4042. The list of victims was retrieved from the German Wikipedia unless otherwise stated. During that time, Hitler’s SS troopers rounded up and killed approximately 77 men belonging to … Due to their friendship, Hitler offered Röhm the … People killed during the Night of the Long Knives (German: Nacht der langen Messer) – the Nazi purge in which Hitler and the Nazi regime used the Schutzstaffel (SS) to deal with the problem of Ernst Röhm and his Sturmabteilung (SA) brownshirts (the original Nazi paramilitary organization), as well as past opponents of the party – numbered at least 85 people murdered. The precise number of victims is disputed and will probably never be known with certainty. Hitler also used it to eliminate political opponents and settle some old scores. It was during this speech that Hitler gave the purge its name: Night of the Long Knives (a phrase from a popular Nazi song). Kershaw also notes that "some estimates...put the total number killed at between 150 and 200. "[4] William L. Shirer writes in his Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, that "The White Book of the Purge, published by émigrés in Paris claims 401 deaths, but lists only 116 of them. As the leader of the SA, Röhm was seen as a threat to Hitler’s power. The name "Night of the Long Knives" is a reference to the massacre of Vortigern's men by Angle, Jute, and Saxonmercenaries in Arthurian myth. He was consequently shot by two SS officers after being held briefly at Stadelheim Prison in Munic… Leading figures of the "left-wing" Strasserist faction of the Nazi Party, along with its namesake, Gregor Strasser, were murdered, … The violence perpetrated on the Night of the Long Knives would only escalate as the Third Reich When was the Night of the Long Knives? The Night of the Long Knives involved the violent purge of certain members of the Nazi Party from June 30th to July 2nd in 1934. died He was now in COMPLETE control. Heines was eventually shot, but the fate of the other is unknown. The proprietor and the head-waiter of the Bratwurst-Gloeckle in Munich, Röhm's favorite tavern, where Goebbels had met secretly with Röhm prior to the purge. Juli 1934 vollzogenen Maßnahmen sind als Staatsnotwehr rechtens" ("The measures taken to clamp down on the treasonous attacks of June 30th, July 1st and 2nd are rightful, due to having been acts of self-defense of the State. Background to the Purge This understates the number killed. 1) Many of their leaders were killed by other Nazis in the night of the Long Knives. The night was 29th June 1934, the Night of the Long Knives. This took place in Germany between June 30 and July 2, 1934. [6], National Socialist German Students' League (NSDStB), National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise (NSRL), Combat League of Revolutionary National Socialists (KGRNS), South African Gentile National Socialist Movement, National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands, National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark, Nationalist Liberation Alliance (Argentina), Estimates of people killed in addition to those on the official list, Rainer Orth: Der SD-Mann Johannes Schmidt. "[2] The journalist and historian William L. Shirer writes in his Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, that "The White Book of the Purge, published by émigrés in Paris claims 401 deaths, but lists only 116 of them. The Night of Long Knives Ernst Röhm was murdered in the event known as the Röhm Putsch, or the Night of Long Knives. Results of the Night of the Long Knives • Over 1,000 opponents were killed. It was during this speech that Hitler gave the purge its name: Night of the Long Knives (a phrase from a popular Nazi song). Hitler claimed that 61 had been executed while 13 had been shot resisting arrest and three had committed suicide. Later, Hans Günther Richardi, in his study on the Dachau concentration camp, added the names of four inmates of Dachau (lawyer Julius Adler (1882–1934), worker Erich Gans (1908–1934), Walter Häbich and worker Adam Hereth (1897-1934)), claiming they were murdered by the SS during the purge. 102–112. By. This "Gestapo List" comprised a total of 77 names. Tags: Adolf Hitler. Röhm’s deputy, Edmund Heines, who was next door, was also ordered to be rounded up, taken outside, and shot. And so the Nazis had murdered before the Night of the Long Knives. The Night of the Long Knives, or the Röhm Purge, also called Operation Hummingbird (German: Unternehmen Kolibri), was a purge that took place in Nazi Germany from June 30 to July 2, 1934, when Adolf Hitler, urged on by Hermann Göring and Heinrich Himmler, carried out a series of political extrajudicial executions intended to consolidate his hold on … Why did Hitler turn on the SA in the Night of the Long Knives? Pinterest. Heinrich Bennecke complemented the names of the city clerk Kuno Kamphausen from Waldenburg and the music critic Willi Schmid to his reprint of the official Gestapo list, whereupon he concluded that at least 85 people were killed during the purge. Night of the Long Knives, in German history, purge of Nazi leaders by Adolf Hitler on June 30, 1934. Not only did they kill stormtrooper leaders, but anyone else who had been particularly troublesome to Hitler and other high-ranking Party officials. Hitler claimed that 61 had been executed while 13 had been shot resisting arrest and three had committed suicide. Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat. Adolf Hitler claimed in his speech in the Reichstag on July 13 that 61 persons had been shot during "the action", 13 had died resisting arrest and three committed suicide. The SS was moving into position for the first of its many deadly tasks. Dachau, which opens in March 1933, sees people killed there. This enabled Hitler to proclaim himself Führer of National Socialist Germany and to claim absolute power. Der Mörder des Reichskanzlers Kurt von Schleicher?, Marburg 2011, pp. Bristol: Aerospace Bristol; The Crown: History vs Myth; Twitter. In his Reichstag speech Hitler sub-divided those into 61 persons who had been shot during "the action"; allegedly 13 had died resisting arrest while three committed suicide. Debate over number of victims The precise number of victims of the Night of the Long Knives is disputed and will probably never be known with certainty. [3] Ian Kershaw also cites the number of deaths at 85. Hitler’s Announcement Hitler only announced what had happened on July 13 and called it the “Night of the Long Knives” after a phrase from a Nazi song. The night of the long knives actually took place over the course of several days and nights. He was also a well-respected music critic, and wrote for the Munchener Neueste … At the 1957 trial in Munich the figure 'more than 1,000' was used. In this photo, Röhm is talking to a group of SA men, who appear to be listening intently. The Night of the Long Knives was considered by Hindenburg to be a great victory over the rowdy and uncontrollable SA, a victory that he enjoyed for exactly one month until his death on 1 August 1934. This page was last edited on 9 January 2021, at 16:04. Official records tally the dead at 82, including almost the entire SA leadership, though some 200 alleged opponents of the Nazi regime are believed to have been killed. Many have pointed to the Night of the Long Knives as the point where hope of positive change in Germany died, along with Hitler's political opponents. 0. ")[1] it was decided that the killing of everybody on that list was to be considered lawful and that therefore the police and Attorney Offices were prohibited from investigating and prosecuting anyone for those killings. Hitler could not afford to annoy businessmen or the army, so the SS (Hitler's personal bodyguards) murdered around 400 members of the SA, including Röhm, along with a … SGT - January 11, 2021. Linkedin. Between June 30 and July 2, all SA leaders were “purged” (murdered), as were other Nazi adversaries. ... Hitler killed many SA soldiers, the leaders and any other opposition to Hitler. He gave the job to the Gestapo and the SS (q.v.) However, the list of 77 was far from being complete: Hitler admitted that some excesses had taken place and stated that he had handed over the cases of several people who had been killed as part of unauthorized actions by subordinate organs to the authorities, who were supposed to implement a regular prosecution of the perpetrators. "[5] Both of those figures are much higher than the ones most historians of the period rely on, and that Shirer himself was not necessarily citing the figures as accurate, but was simply relaying them in his book. "[3] It must be noted that both of those figures are much higher than the ones most historians of the period rely on, and that Shirer himself was not necessarily citing the figures as accurate, but was simply relaying them in his book. [1] The noted historian Ian Kershaw, author of a two-volume biography on Hitler, also cites the number of deaths at 85. Papen and his allies were quickly marginalized by Hitler and he left the government after the Night of the Long Knives in 1934, during which the Nazis killed some of his confidants. The purge is known as the “Night of the Long Knives” or “Operation Hummingbird.” These murders cemented an agreement between the Nazi Regime and the German army (Reichswehr). Others have argued that as many as 400 people were killed during the purge. Hitler made himself President as well as Chancellor, a new role called ‘Der Fuehrer.’ He also made himself head of the armed forces, who had to swear an oath of loyalty to him. 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